The constitution once again in place, the Young Turks, led by a triumvirate dominated by Enver Pasha, had gained control but lacked a clear objective other than controlling autocratic rule and territorial integrity. Ottomanism was no longer a viable ideology given the rise of nationalistic tendencies in the troubled provinces. Solidarity based on a policy of Pan-Islamism was especially popular as a way to cement people across national lines, but proved to be too racially narrow. The ideal of Pan-Turkism, the uniting of all Turkish-speaking peoples, gained popularity but gave way to Turkism as the new national identity, which merged a modernized Islamic tradition with European cultural influences. In spite of these parliamentary disagreements, the effects on administration were significant: a political structure based on European models; a transformation in the role of the press; the engagement of European advisors in agricultural, law, and military matters; increased public works; and the establishment of individual and women's rights.
The social effects of these institutions were lasting, but internal conflict was seen as an opportunity by foreign powers. In 1911 Italy seized Libya and the Dodocanese Islands. Even more devastating was the loss of the remaining European territories in the first Balkan War to an alliance among Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro. Some European territory was regained 2 years later in the second Balkan War, but the situation was enough for the CUP to mutate into a military dictatorship controlled by a triumvirate of Enver Pasha, Mehmet Talat, and Ahmet Cemal.
